cflutist wrote:Ok, I need some help from the techies here.
Scale refers to the size and placement of the tone holes. Flute scales are classified as either a modern scale or a traditional scale.
Stop there for a moment. Traditional scale flutes refer to those scalings where A equals a lower pitch: A435-438. Modern scale are those instruments where the scaling has been redone for A440-442. The problem comes in when the pitch standard was raised. Flute makers did not adjust the tone hole positions (shorten the scaling). They just shortened the headjoints until the A produced matched A440. You now have a long scaled instrument with a headjoint length that is too short for its octave length. A shortening of the headjoint that amount is not going to change the lowest register all that much as a percentage of the air column length, so the low register remains flat. The left hand tone holes are moved proportionally much closer to the embouchure hole making open tone holes moving closer to the embouchure increasing in sharpness. These tone holes are also vents for the third register so relatively speaking, the high register is sharp to an already flat low register when playing at A440-442.
Most flutes produced after about 1980 have one of several versions of the modern scale, although some companies were slow to change. Tradtional scale flutes (e.g. my 1972 Haynes) were based on Boehm's original Schema to raise it from A=435Hz to A=440. As such, the intonation on these flutes are not as in tune as they are on the modern scale flutes e.g. C# was really sharp, low register was flat. They required the players to "lip up, lip down" various notes.
The lipping up and down part is correct for the reasons I described previously, the rest needs a little correction. Traditional scales and Modern scales are both based on Boehm's original schema. The problem did not involve this at all. You can play a "Traditional" scale flute in tune without any embouchure gymnastics if you play it at the pitch it was designed for. If you have an electronic piano, try setting the master tune from 440 down to somewhere in the 435 -438 range, adjust the headjoint draw out to where it should be for a "traditional" scaled flute and you will have no problem playing it in tune. (that is if you can play in tune in the first place!)
Louis Deveau was past owner/president of the Wm. S. Haynes company and he designed a new scale in the late 70s? It was supposed to be an improvement for previous Haynes flutes based on Boehm's Schema. But some of my friends prefered the old pre-Deveau Haynes to the Deveau scale Haynes flutes.
The Deveau scale came out around 1979-80 after Haynes had no choice but to upgrade their scale to modern pitch after starting to lose significant market share. The long scale flute with shortened headjoint was too difficult to play in tune given that so many other great pro models had arrived on the scene with scales tuned to the modern higher pitch
The modern scale flutes e.g. Cooper Scale, Bennett Scale, are much more in tune with themselves and as such much more easy to play in tune. I noticed this immediately with my Brannen versus my old Haynes.
Not exactly true. Much more easy to play in tune AT HIGHER PITCH (A440-442)
The Cooper scale was devised by Albert Cooper in the 1960s and was further refined. Powell flutes was the first to use the Cooper scale in 1974, Brannen Brothers Flutemakers followed. The Bennett scale is also a popular modern flute scale designed by William Bennett.
Albert Cooper would have been the first to tell you that he did not invent a scale. There where many that contributed to this including Elmer Cole and others. But Albert made great flutes and other improvements and his name got attached to building a correctly scaled flute at modern pitch. It was not Powell that first used the cooper scale, it was Jon Landell who did after visiting Cooper. He then made a flute for WIBB and then introduced it to America. WIBB tweaked it a bit more for his scale. The rest is, as we say, History.